Smient (Mareca penelope)

landenfilter

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Xinjiang

2de kj mannelijk

#12175
Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
17.01.2026

juv. vrouwelijk

#10012
Województwo pomorskie, Poland

2de kj vrouwelijk

#8875
Norddeich, Salzwiesen West / Norddeich Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
07.01.2023

	aantal	langste	kleinste individu	grootste individu
handpen	10 per vleugel	175.5 - 215.5mm n=15 P₉ (100%)	10106	2054
armpen	16-17 per vleugel	108.5 - 142.0mm n=13 S₁₂ (54%) S₁₃ (31%) S₁₂=S₁₃ (8%) S₁₁ (8%)	172	2054
staartpen	15	95.0 - 101.5mm n=7 R₁ (29%) R₄=R₅ (29%) R₄ (29%) R₆ (14%)	181	10012

wing length¹

hand-wing-index^1,2 (HWI)

primaries-index

wing length/longest primary ratio

hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio

235 - 262mm n=10

55 - 59% n=8

44 - 52% n=12

geen gegevens beschikbaar

detailed information

The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 235 - 262mm n=10

The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 55 - 59% n=8,

The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements.

The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather.

The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.

¹ Tobias, J. A., et al. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.
² Kipp, Friedrich A.: "Der Handflügel-Index als flugbiologisches Maß", erschienen in "Vogelwarte - Zeitschrift für Vogelkunde", 1959, Band 20, Heft 1