Coal Tit (Periparus ater)

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#12011
Poznań Województwo wielkopolskie, Poland

#2411
Universitätsplatz, Magdeburg / Magdeburg Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
11.09.2017

#2410
Universitätsplatz, Magdeburg / Magdeburg Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
11.09.2017

	number	longest	smallest individual	biggest individual
primary	10 per wing	53.0 - 59.0mm n=25 P₆ (52%) P₆=P₅ (24%) P₅ (16%) P₇=P₆=P₅ (4%) P₇ (4%)	12087	12010
secondary	9 per wing	44.5 - 50.5mm n=24 S₁ (67%) S₁=S₂ (25%) S₂ (8%)	3818	11531
retrix	12	46.5 - 53.5mm n=22 R₅ (59%) R₄=R₅ (23%) R₆ (9%) R₄ (5%) R₅=R₆ (5%)	559	11531

wing length¹

hand-wing-index^1,2 (HWI)

primaries-index

wing length/longest primary ratio

hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio

57 - 66mm n=26

18 - 29% n=25

13 - 18% n=24

no data available

detailed information

The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 57 - 66mm n=26

The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 18 - 29% n=25,

The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements.

The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather.

The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.

¹ Tobias, J. A., et al. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.
² Kipp, Friedrich A.: "Der Handflügel-Index als flugbiologisches Maß", erschienen in "Vogelwarte - Zeitschrift für Vogelkunde", 1959, Band 20, Heft 1