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Magyar

Common Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
species of Sturnidae


© Norbert Kappenstein
ad. male
#118
Magdeburg Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
12.03.2005
ad.
#3618
Dreileben Landkreis Börde, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
07.06.2018
1st cy
#2311
A14 Magdeburg Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
30.07.2016
number longest lengths distribution of longest primary smallest individual biggest individual
primary 10 per wing 104.0 - 116.5mm n=14
P8 (79%) P9 (14%) P8=P8 (7%)
2955 5537
secondary 9 per wing 71.0 - 79.5mm n=15
S1 (80%) S1=S2 (13%) S1=S1 (7%) 		2955 5110
retrix 12
69.0 - 75.0mm n=16
R5 (38%) R4=R5=R6 (19%) R4=R5 (13%) R5=R6 (13%) R3 (6%) R3=R6 (6%) R6 (6%) 		2955 5110
wing length1 hand-wing-index1,2 (HWI) primaries-index wing length/longest primary ratio hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio
124 - 134mm n=28 36 - 40% n=26 28 - 33% n=14 no data available no data available
detailed information

The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".

combined data from:
Avonet1: 124 - 134mm n=28

The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.

combined data from:
Avonet1: 36 - 40% n=26,
 The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements. The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather. The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.
1 Tobias, J. A., et al. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.
2 Kipp, Friedrich A.: "Der Handflügel-Index als flugbiologisches Maß", erschienen in "Vogelwarte - Zeitschrift für Vogelkunde", 1959, Band 20, Heft 1


ad.
#5110

18.10.2019
ad.
#5537
Apetlon (AUT)
mai 2017
ad.
#7001
Velm, Niederösterreich
03.03.2019
juv.
#9134
Parchim
1977
#9748
Möllenbecker Haussee Nordufer Mecklenburgische Seenplatte, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
27.02.2024
ad. male
#10740
Sianowo Województwo pomorskie, Poland
26.04.2021
1st cy
#1819
Krems - Lerchenfeld Niederösterreich, Austria
16.09.1990
#3253
Prora (Rügen)
23.05.2005
ad.
#1359
Haldensleben / Haldensleben Landkreis Börde, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
24.04.2016
1st cy
#2855
Sömmerda, Thüringen
17.09.2014
specimens gallery

country allocations

extant

Afghanistan · Albania · Algeria · Argentina (introduced) · Armenia · Aruba (introduced) · Australia (introduced) · Austria · Azerbaijan · Bahamas (introduced) · Bahrain · Belarus · Belgium · Bermuda (introduced) · Bhutan (vagrant) · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Cabo Verde (vagrant) · Canada (introduced) · Canary Is. · Cayman Islands (introduced) · Central Asian Russia · China · Croatia · Cuba (introduced) · Cyprus · Czechia · Denmark · Dominican Republic (introduced) · Eastern Asian Russia · Egypt · Estonia · European Russia · Faroe Islands · Fiji (introduced) · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland (vagrant) · Haiti (introduced) · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland · Iran, Islamic Republic of · Iraq · Ireland · Israel · Italy · Jamaica (introduced) · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan · Korea, Republic of (vagrant) · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Latvia · Lebanon · Libya · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Maldives (vagrant) · Malta · Mexico (introduced) · Moldova, Republic of · Montenegro · Morocco · Myanmar (vagrant) · Nepal · Netherlands · New Zealand (introduced) · North Macedonia · Norway · Oman · Palestine, State of · Panama (vagrant) · Poland · Portugal · Puerto Rico (introduced) · Qatar · Romania · Russian Federation · Saint Pierre and Miquelon (introduced) · Saudi Arabia · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Svalbard and Jan Mayen (vagrant) · Sweden · Switzerland · Syrian Arab Republic · Taiwan, Province of China (vagrant) · Tajikistan · Thailand (vagrant) · Tonga (introduced) · Tunisia · Türkiye · Turkmenistan · Turks and Caicos Islands (introduced) · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland · United States of America (introduced) · Uzbekistan · Vanuatu (vagrant) · Viet Nam (vagrant) · Virgin Islands, U.S. (introduced) · Yemen (vagrant) ·
source: IUCN 2025. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-1 <www.iucnredlist.org>
assessment data: 137493608 | 2019

Passeriformes
Songbirds and kin

distribution

conservation status

  • CITES
    not listed
  • Regulation (EG) Nr. 865/2006
    not listed
  • German Federal Nature Conservation Act §44
    protected