White Wagtail (Motacilla alba)

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Xinjiang

ad.

#3580
Deckenpfronn
26.06.2018

ad. male

#1416
Klein Ammensleben Landkreis Börde, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
27.06.2016

ad. male

#1429
Calbe /
02.07.2016

	number	longest	smallest individual	biggest individual
primary	10 per wing	69.5 - 78.0mm n=12 P₇ (75%) P₈=P₇ (17%) P₈ (8%)	1551	1416
secondary	9 per wing	57.0 - 70.5mm n=11 S₇ (91%) S₆ (9%)	1625	1429
retrix	12	84.3 - 97.5mm n=11 R₃=R₄ (27%) R₃ (27%) R₄ (18%) R₅ (18%) R₂=R₆ (9%)	76	1429

wing length¹

hand-wing-index^1,2 (HWI)

primaries-index

wing length/longest primary ratio

hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio

75 - 92mm n=27

25 - 34% n=26

25 - 28% n=11

no data available

detailed information

The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 75 - 92mm n=27

The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 25 - 34% n=26,

The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements.

The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather.

The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.

¹ Tobias, J. A., et al. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.
² Kipp, Friedrich A.: "Der Handflügel-Index als flugbiologisches Maß", erschienen in "Vogelwarte - Zeitschrift für Vogelkunde", 1959, Band 20, Heft 1

1st cy

#1868
Wien, XI.
24.10.1989