The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".
combined data from:
Avonet1: 217 - 241mm n=8
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The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.
combined data from:
Avonet1: 55 - 60% n=4,
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The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements.
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The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather.
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The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.
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