Common Eider (Somateria mollissima)

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ad. female

#11066
Nordstrand, Norderney / Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
18.01.2025

1st winter

#11039
Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
18.01.2025

1st winter male

#11047
Norddeich Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
17.01.2025

ad. male

#11067
Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany
18.01.2025

	number	longest
primary	10 per wing	197.5 - 227.0mm n=9 P₈ (78%) P₉ (11%) P₉=P₈ (11%)
secondary	19-20 per wing	137.5 - 150.5mm n=7 S₁ (43%) S₂ (29%) S₂=S₃ (14%) S₁=S₂ (14%)
retrix	16	105.5 - 112.2mm n=3 R₂ (67%) R₃ (33%)

wing length¹

hand-wing-index^1,2 (HWI)

primaries-index

wing length/longest primary ratio

hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio

264 - 299mm n=14

41 - 48% n=12

31 - 34% n=8

no data available

detailed information

The wing length is measured on the flattened and straightened wing ("maximum chord") from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary feather, the so-called "Kleinschmidt-method".

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 264 - 299mm n=14

The hand-wing-index, introduced by Kipp 1959, is calculated as the ratio of the hand length (difference between the length of the longest primary and the first secondary) to the wing length.

combined data from:
Avonet¹: 41 - 48% n=12,

The primaries-index is calculated as the ratio of the longest primary feather length to the first (outermost) secondary. It is the equivalent of the hand-wing index for feather measurements.

The wing length/longest primary ratio is calculated as the ratio of the wing length to the length of the longest primary feather.

The hand-wing-index/primaries-index ratio is calculated as the ratio of the hand-wing index to the primaries-index.

¹ Tobias, J. A., et al. (2022). AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.
² Kipp, Friedrich A.: "Der Handflügel-Index als flugbiologisches Maß", erschienen in "Vogelwarte - Zeitschrift für Vogelkunde", 1959, Band 20, Heft 1

ad. male

#6953
Norddeich Aurich, Niedersachsen, Germany